Ukuqonda Amandla e-Fracture: Iingcamango eziphambili, iimvavanyo kunye nezicelo

Amandla okuqhekeka yipropathi esisiseko edlala indima ebalulekileyo kwisayensi kunye nobunjineli, inceda ukumisela indlela imathiriyeli eya kuziphatha ngayo phantsi koxinzelelo, ngakumbi xa isilela. Inika ingqiqo kuxinzelelo oluphezulu lwezinto ezinokumelana nazo ngaphambi kokuba ziqhekeke, inika iinjineli kunye nenzululwazi yezinto ezibonakalayo idatha efunekayo ukukhetha izixhobo ezifanelekileyo kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo. Kweli nqaku libanzi, siza kuphonononga ukuba yintoni amandla okuqhekeka, ukubaluleka kwayo, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqhekeka, kunye nokuba inokuvavanywa njani kwindawo yokuvelisa. Ukongeza, siya kuntywila kwimingeni ehambelana novavanyo lwamandla okuqhekeka kunye nokubaluleka kokuqonda ijika loxinzelelo loxinzelelo.

Yintoni Amandla Okwaphuka?

Amandla okwaphuka abhekisa kubuninzi boxinzelelo okanye ukunyanzeliswa kwezinto ezinokunyamezela ngaphambi kokufumana ukusilela okuyintlekele, okuphawulwa kukwaphuka. Oku kusilela kwenzeka xa ulwakhiwo lwangaphakathi lwemathiriyeli lungasakwazi ukuphatha umthwalo osetyenzisiweyo, okukhokelela ekusasazeni kokuqhekeka okukhokelela ekuqhekekeni okupheleleyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo ibonakaliswe kwiiyunithi zoxinzelelo, ezifanaiipasikali (Pa) or iiponti nge-intshi nganye (psi), amandla okuqhekeka yipropathi eyimfuneko enceda iinjineli ziqikelele ukuba izinto ziya kusebenza njani phantsi kweemeko zangempela zehlabathi, ngakumbi kwizicelo zesakhiwo apho ukungaphumeleli kunokuba yintlekele.

Ukomelela kokuqhekeka kwezinto kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, kuquka zayoUkuqulunqwa kwe-crystal lattice, i-alloy okanye isakhiwo esidibeneyo, kwaye iiinkqubo zokuvelisaababandakanyekayo. Iimathiriyeli zibonisa amanqanaba ahlukeneyo amandla okuqhekeka, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yolungiselelo lwazo lweathom kunye nohlobo lokuhlangana phakathi kweathom.

Iindidi zeMathiriyeli esekwe kuMandla oKwaphuka:

• Izinto eziphathekayo ezinqabileyo: Ikhonkrithi, iiseramikhi, kunye nentsimbi engwevu zihlala zomelele phantsi koxinzelelo kodwa zibonisa ukomelela okuphantsi kokwaphuka. Ezi zixhobo zinokuphatha amandla oxinzelelo kakuhle kodwa zisilele ngokulula phantsi koxinzelelo okanye ukugoba.
• Izixhobo zeDuctile: Intsimbi ethambileyo, ialuminiyam, kunye neepolima ezininzi ngokubanzi zinamandla asezantsi okucinezela kodwa ukomelela okuphezulu kokuphuka. Ezi zixhobo zinokonakala kwiplastiki ngaphambi kokuba zisilele, zivumela ukuba zifunxe amandla kwaye zimelane noxinzelelo olukhulu ngaphandle kokuqhekeka.

Amandla okuqhekeka anokuguqulwa kakhuluizinto zangaphandlenjengeqondo lokushisa, izinga apho ukulayisha kwenzeka, ubukho beziphene okanye iziphene kwizinto eziphathekayo, kunye nohlobo loxinzelelo olusetyenzisiweyo (ukuba i-tensile, i-compressive, i-shear, njl.).

Iindlela zoKwaphuka kwiMathiriyeli

Ukuqonda iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqhekeka kunceda ekumiseleni ukuba izinto ziya kusabela njani phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zoxinzelelo. Ezona ndlela zixhaphakileyo zokwaphuka ziquka i-tensile, compressive, kunye nokugoba iifractures. Imodi nganye ibandakanya ukuhanjiswa koxinzelelo oluhlukeneyo kunye neendlela zokungaphumeleli.

1. Ukwaphuka kokuqina:

Ukuqhekeka kwe-tensile kwenzeka xa imathiriyeli iphantsi kwamandla angaphandle athi ayitsale ngokwahlukileyo kwi-axis enye. Olu hlobo lokuphuka luhlala lusenzeka kwizinto eziphantsi koxinzelelo olucocekileyo, kwaye lubonakaliswa ngokuhlukana okanye ukuphuka kwezinto kunye nenqwelomoya ehambelana nomthwalo owenziweyo.

• Utshintsho lokuqala: Izinto eziphathekayo ziqalaukuguqulwa kwe-elastic, apho izinto eziphathekayo zikhula kwicala lomthwalo osetyenzisiweyo. I-deformation iyakwazi ukubuyiswa, oku kuthetha ukuba into ibuyela kwimo yayo yasekuqaleni xa amandla esusiwe.
• Ukuqhokra: Njengoko umthwalo usanda, indawo yendawo iqala ukonakala kakhulu. Esi sigaba, esaziwa ngokubaintamo, kubangela ukunciphisa kwindawo enqamlezileyo kwindawo yoxinzelelo olukhulu. Izinto eziphathekayo ziyolula, kwaye imida yayo yekristale iyatyibilika.
• Amandla okuqina okugqibelela (UTS): Amandla okugqibela obunzima abhekisela kubuninzi boxinzelelo lwezinto eziphathekayo ngaphambi kokuba ummandla wentamo ube yinto ebaluleke kakhulu, obangela ukuba i-fracture isasaze ngokukhawuleza kulo lonke icandelo eliphambeneyo.

2. Ukwaphuka koxinzelelo:

Ukuqhekeka okucinezelayo kwenzeka xa into ethile iphantsi kwamandla ayityhala kunye kunye ne-axis yomthwalo. Olu hlobo lokwaphuka luphumela kwiukugquma, ukutyumza, kwayeukuqhekekayemathiriyeli. Iifractures ezicinezelayo ngokuqhelekileyo zikhokelela kwiifractures ezininzi njengoko izinto eziphathekayo zizama ukuxhathisa uxinzelelo olusetyenziswayo.

• I-Elastic Deformation: Kwinqanaba lokuqala, izinto eziphathekayo zihambaukuguqulwa kwe-elastic, enokubuyisela emva kokuba umthwalo ususiwe. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko umthwalo ukhula, izinto eziphathekayo zingena kwisigaba sokuguqulwa kweplastiki.
• Ukuguqulwa kwePlastiki kunye nokuBulging: Kwizinto ze-ductile, imithwalo yoxinzelelo ibangela ukuguqulwa kweplastiki, ebonakalisa njenge-bulging perpendicular kumthwalo osetyenzisiweyo. Izixhobo ezibhityileyo, ngokuchaseneyo, ziqhekezeka nje ukuba umda weelastiki ugqithisiwe, njengoko zingenakho ukwenza uguquko olubalulekileyo lweplastiki.
• Amandla Okugqibela: Xa umbandela ufikelela kuwoamandla oxinzelelo okugqibela, ukuqhekeka okuninzi kunokuphuhlisa, okukhokelela ekuqhekekeni okanye ukuwa kwezinto phantsi komthwalo osetyenzisiweyo.

3. Ukugoba ukwaphuka:

Ukugoba ukwaphuka kwenzeka xa imathiriyeli iphantsi koxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo olucinezelayo, ngenxa yamandla okugoba angaphandle. Ukwaphuka okuqhelekileyo okugoba kuqala kwicala lokuzibamba, apho imathiriyeli ifumana ubude, kwaye isasazeke kubunzima bemathiriyeli.

• Uxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo olucinezelayo: Iifiber zangaphandle zezinto eziphathekayo (kwicala elilayishiweyo) zifumana uxinzelelo lwe-tensile, ngelixa i-fibers yangaphakathi (ichasene nomthwalo osetyenzisiweyo) ifumana uxinzelelo loxinzelelo. Olu xinzelelo lubangela ukusilela kwicala le-tensile, apho ukuqhekeka okanye ukuguqulwa kunokwenzeka ngakumbi.
• Ukusasazwa kweeNgqondo: Njengoko amandla okugoba asetyenzisiweyo asanda, iintanda ziqala kwicala le-tensile kwaye zinokuthi zisasazeke ngokupheleleyo ngobuninzi bezinto eziphathekayo, ezikhokelela ekuhlulekeni.

Iimvavanyo zokumisela ukomelela kokuqhekeka

Kukho iimvavanyo ezininzi ezisemgangathweni ezisetyenziselwa ukumisela amandla okuqhekeka kwemathiriyeli. Ezi mvavanyo zibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuba imathiriyeli iya kusebenza njani phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zokulayisha. Uvavanyo lwamandla oqhekekileyo oluqhelekileyo lubandakanya ukuqina, uxinzelelo, kunye novavanyo lwempembelelo.

1. Uvavanyo lwe-Tensile:

Kuvavanyo lwe-tensile, isampuli esemgangathweni ene-intamo (ithambo lenja)ubume buxhomekeke kumthwalo we-axial kuxinzelelo olusulungekileyo. Olu vavanyo lunceda ukuvavanya indlela izinto eziphendula ngayo kuxinzelelo, ukubonelela ngedatha kuyoizigaba elastic kunye neplastiki, Amandla okuqina okugqibela (UTS), kwayeubude ngexesha lekhefu.

• Isiphumo: Ixabiso le-UTS limele uxinzelelo apho izinto ziza kuphuka. Uvavanyo lwe-tensile lukwabonelela ngolwazi malunga ne-ductility kunye nokwenzeka kokuguqulwa kweplastiki.

2. Uvavanyo loxinzelelo:

Uvavanyo loxinzelelo lubandakanya ukulayisha ibhloko yovavanyo olusemgangathweni nge-axially ngamandla asulungekileyo. Olu vavanyo luvavanya amandla ezinto zokuxhathisa ucinezelo kwaye lubonelela ngedatha kuyoamandla oxinzelelokwayeimodyuli yoxinzelelo.

• Isiphumo: Uvavanyo lunceda ukuchonga inqaku apho izinto eziphathekayo zingenakukwazi ukumelana namandla oxinzelelo kwaye ziqala ukuguqula iplastiki okanye ukungaphumeleli.

3. Uvavanyo lwempembelelo:

Uvavanyo lwempembelelo luqhutywa ukuvavanya amandla esixhobo sokumelana nemithwalo ekhawulezileyo, eguqukayo. Isampulu, ngokwesiqhelohayiukukhuthaza ukuqaliswa kwe-crack, ibethwa yimpembelelo yesantya esiphezulu. Amandla afunxayo ngexesha lempembelelo okanye ubungakanani bokuphuka bulinganiswa.

• Isiphumo: Olu vavanyo lunceda ukumisela iipropati ezifanaamandla empembelelokwayeubunzima, ezibaluleke kakhulu kwimathiriyeli evezwe kwiimeko eziguquguqukayo okanye ezothusayo zokulayisha.

Iingenelo zokuVavanya ukomelela kwe-Fracture kwi-Manufacturing

Ukuvavanya amandla okuphuka kunika ulwazi olubalulekileyo olukhokelela ekukhethweni kwezinto zokusebenza kwizicelo ezithile. Ezinye iingenelo eziphambili ziquka:

• Ukuchonga Ubuthathaka: Uvavanyo luvumela abavelisi ukuba babone iziphene okanye ubuthathaka kwizinto ezinokukhokelela ekohlulekeni kwangaphambi kwexesha phantsi kweemeko ezithile.
• Ukukhethwa kwezinto: Izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zibonisa ukomelela okwahlukeneyo, kunye nokuqonda ezi ndlela zokuziphatha kunceda iinjineli zikhethe izixhobo ezinokumelana noxinzelelo olulindelekileyo kwizicelo ezithile.
• UPhuculo loYilo: Uvavanyo lwamandla okuqhekeka lunceda ukuchonga ugxininiso loxinzelelo okanye iindawo ezibuthathaka kuyilo, okuvumela iinjineli ukuba zongeze ukhetho lwemathiriyeli kunye nokuyila ijometri yokusebenza ngcono.
• Ukhuseleko: Ukuqhuba iimvavanyo zamandla okuphuka kunceda ukuchonga izinto ezinokungaphumeleli phantsi kweemeko ezithile zokulayisha, ukunciphisa imingcipheko kwizicelo ezibalulekileyo ezifana ne-aerospace, i-automotive, kunye nezixhobo zonyango.

Imingeni yokuVavanya ukomelela koLwahlulo kwiMveliso

Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwayo, ukuvavanya amandla okuqhekeka kwimveliso kuzisa imingeni emininzi:

• Ukuguquguquka kwezinto: Nokuba ngaphakathi kwibhetshi enye yemveliso, iipropathi zezinto eziphathekayo zinokuhluka, okukhokelela ekungangqinelaniyo kwiziphumo zovavanyo lwamandla okwaphuka. Njengezikali zemveliso, ukuthengiswa kwezinto eziphathekayo kunokwazisa ukuguquguquka okufihliweyo.
• Ubungakanani beSampuli kunye nejometri: Ubungakanani kunye nokumila kwesampulu yovavanyo kuchaphazela kakhulu iziphumo zamandla okuphuka. Iisampulu zovavanyo ezincinci zisenokungameli ngokuchanekileyo impatho yamacandelo amakhulu, ngakumbi xa iijometri ezintsonkothileyo zibandakanyeka.
• Ilayisha imiqathango: Amandla oqhekeko anokwahluka ngokuxhomekeka kwimeko yokulayisha, okwenza kube nzima ukulinganisa iimeko zoxinzelelo lwehlabathi lokwenene kwiimvavanyo zaselabhoratri.
• Imiba yokusingqongileyo: Izinto ezinje ngeqondo lobushushu, ukufuma, kunye nokuba sesichengeni kweekhemikhali kunokuchaphazela ukomelela kwesixhobo. Ukuvavanya phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwayo zokusingqongileyo kufuna izixhobo ezikhethekileyo.
• Uvakalelo lwesantya soxinzelelo: Ezinye izinto zibonakalisa iimpawu ezixhomekeke kumlinganiselo wokuqhekeka, oku kuthetha ukuba amandla okuqhekeka anokwahluka ngokusekelwe kwindlela ekhawuleza ngayo ukusetyenziswa komthwalo, iziphumo zovavanyo ezinzima.

I-Stress-Strain Curve kunye namandla oKuphuka

Iijika loxinzelelo-strainNgokucacileyo imele unxulumano phakathi koxinzelelo olusetyenzisiweyo kunye nesiphumo soxinzelelo kwinto ethile. Inika ulwazi oluxabisekileyo malunga nendlela imathiriyeli ekhubaza ngayo phantsi komthwalo kwaye inceda iinjineli ukuba ziqonde indlela yokuziphatha komatshini, ngakumbi ngokwamandla ayo okwaphuka.

• I-Elastic Deformation: Kwinqanaba lokuqala lokulayisha, izinto eziphathekayo zihamba nge-elastic deformation, apho uxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo zilingana. Emva kokususa umthwalo, izinto zibuyela kwisimo sayo sokuqala.
• Ukuguqulwa kwePlastiki: Njengoko uxinzelelo lukhula, izinto eziphathekayo zingena kwingingqi ye-deformation yeplastiki, apho izinto eziphathekayo zifumana utshintsho olusisigxina kwimilo.
• Amandla okugqibela kunye neNdawo yokuqhekeka: Inqaku apho izinto ezingenakukwazi ukumelana nomthwalo osetyenzisiweyo ziyaziwa njengendawo yokuphuka, ehlala ichazwa kwi-curve yoxinzelelo njengoxinzelelo.Amandla okuqina okugqibela (UTS).

Iimpawu kunye neentlobo zoLwahlulo

Iimpawu zokwaphuka zinokunika ingqiqo ebalulekileyo kwindlela yokuziphatha kwezinto phantsi koxinzelelo. Iimpawu eziphambili ziquka:

• IiPlanethi zeCleavage: Iinqwelomoya ezigudileyo, ezithe tyaba apho izinto ziqhekeka, zihlala zihamba nemida yekristale.
• Iidimples: Ukudandatheka okujikelezayo kwi-fracture surface, ebonisa ukuphuka kwe-ductile kunye nokufunxa amandla.
• Cheba imilebe: Umphezulu oqhekekileyo obonisa ukuthungwa kwefibrous okanye umgubo, uphawu lwe-micro-void coalescence.
• IiHackles: Iipateni ze-Chevron kwindawo yokuphuka ebonisa isalathiso sokusasaza kokuqhekeka.

Ukuqhekeka Amandla eCeramics kunye neGlasi

Izinto ezifanaiiseramikhikwayeiglasi ye-inorganicbonisa isimilo esahlukileyo sokwaphuka ngenxa yezakhiwo zabo zeathom.

• IiCeramics: Eyaziwa ngokuba namandla aphezulu kunye nokuqina kwayo, iiseramics nazo zinobunzima obukhulu. Banezibophelelo zeathom ezomeleleyo kodwa amandla anqongopheleyo okonakala ngokweplastiki, oko kubenza bathande ukwaphuka ngequbuliso xa bevezwe kumanqanaba oxinzelelo olunzima.
• Iglasi yeglasi: Ngokungafaniyo neekeramics, iglasi ye-inorganic (umzekelo, iglasi ye-silica) inesakhiwo se-amorphous, esikhokelela kukusabalalisa okufanayo koxinzelelo. Ngelixa inamandla aphezulu okuqhekeka kuneekeramics, ikwanovelwano kakhulu kwiziphene zomhlaba ezinokunciphisa kakhulu amandla ayo.

Ukuqukumbela

Amandla okuqhekezwa yipropathi yemathiriyeli ebalulekileyo ekufuneka iinjineli kunye noosonzululwazi bezinto eziphathekayo xa beyila amacandelo okanye izakhiwo eziya kuthi zibe noxinzelelo olukhulu. Ukuqonda amandla okuqhekeka kwemathiriyeli kunye nezinto eziyiphembelelayo kunokunceda ukwandisa ukhetho lwemathiriyeli, ukomeleza ukhuseleko lwemveliso, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle koyilo. Nokuba kungokuqina, ukucinezela, okanye uvavanyo lwempembelelo, uvavanyo oluchanekileyo lwamandla okuqhekeka lubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthembeka kunye nokuqina kweemveliso kumashishini ukusuka kwi-aerospace ukuya kwizixhobo zonyango.